SSUSI Bibliography

Remote Sensing of Earth\textquoterights Limb by TIMED/GUVI: Retrieval of thermospheric composition and temperature

The Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) onboard the Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite senses far ultraviolet emissions from O and N₂ in the thermosphere. Transformation of far ultraviolet radiances measured on the Earth limb into O, N₂, and O₂ number densities and temperature quantifies these responses and demonstrates the value of simultaneous altitude and geographic information. Composition and temperature variations are available from 2002 to 2007. This paper documents the extraction of these data products from the limb emission rates. We present the characteristics of the GUVI limb observations, retrievals of thermospheric neutral composition and temperature from the forward model, and the dramatic changes of the thermosphere with the solar cycle and geomagnetic activity. We examine the solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) irradiance magnitude and trends through comparison with simultaneous Solar Extreme EUV (SEE) measurements on TIMED and find the EUV irradiance inferred from GUVI averaged (2002\textendash2007) 30\% lower magnitude than SEE version 11 and varied less with solar activity. The smaller GUVI variability is not consistent with the view that lower solar EUV radiation during the past solar minimum is the cause of historically low thermospheric mass densities. Thermospheric O and N₂ densities are lower than the NRLMSISE-00 model, but O₂ is consistent. We list some lessons learned from the GUVI program along with several unresolved issues.

Meier, R.; Picone, J.; Drob, D.; Bishop, J.; Emmert, J.; Lean, J.; Stephan, A.; Strickland, D.; Christensen, A.; Paxton, L.; Morrison, D.; Kil, H.; Wolven, B.; Woods, Thomas; Crowley, G.; Gibson, S.;

Published by: Earth and Space Science      Published on: 01/2015

YEAR: 2015     DOI: 10.1002/2014EA000035

airglow and aurora; thermosphere: composition and chemistry; thermosphere: energy deposition; remote sensing

OVATION Prime-2013: Extension of auroral precipitation model to higher disturbance levels

OVATION Prime (OP) is an auroral precipitation model parameterized by solar wind driving. Distinguishing features of the model include an optimized solar wind-magnetosphere coupling function (dΦ_MP/dt) which predicts auroral power significantly better than\ Kpor other traditional parameters, the separation of aurora into categories (diffuse aurora, monoenergetic, broadband, and ion), the inclusion of seasonal variations, and separate parameter fits for each magnetic latitude (MLAT) \texttimes magnetic local time (MLT) bin, thus permitting each type of aurora and each location to have differing responses to season and solar wind input\textemdashas indeed they do. We here introduce OVATION Prime-2013, an upgrade to the 2010 version currently widely available. The most notable advantage of OP-2013 is that it uses UV images from the GUVI instrument on the satellite TIMED for high disturbance levels (dΦ_MP/dt \> 1.2 MWb/s which roughly corresponds to\ Kp = 5+ or 6-). The range of validity is approximately 0 \< dΦ_MP/dt <= 3.0 MWb/s (Kp\ about 8+). Other upgrades include a reduced susceptibility to salt-and-pepper noise, and smoother interpolation across the postmidnight data gap. The model is tested against an independent data set of hemispheric auroral power from Polar UVI. Over the common range of validity of OP-2010 and OP-2013, the two models predict auroral power essentially identically, primarily because hemispheric power calculations were done in a way to minimize the impact of OP-2010s noise. To quantitatively demonstrate the improvement at high disturbance levels would require multiple very large substorms, which are rare, and insufficiently present in the limited data set of Polar UVI hemispheric power values. Nonetheless, although OP-2010 breaks down in a variety of ways above\ Kp = 5+ or 6-, OP-2013 continues to show the auroral oval advancing equatorward, at least to 55\textdegree MLAT or a bit less, and OP-2013 does not develop spurious large noise patches. We will also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of other precipitation models more generally, as no one model fits best all possible uses.

Newell, P.; Liou, K.; Zhang, Y.; Sotirelis, T.; Paxton, L.; Mitchell, E.;

Published by: Space Weather      Published on: Jan-06-2014

YEAR: 2014     DOI: 10.1002/swe.v12.610.1002/2014SW001056

Aurora; forecasting; precipitation

Equatorial broad plasma depletions associated with the enhanced fountain effect

Lee, Woo; Kil, Hyosub; Kwak, Young-Sil; Paxton, Larry; Zhang, Yongliang; Galkin, Ivan; Batista, Inez;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics      Published on: Jan-01-2014

YEAR: 2014     DOI: 10.1002/jgra.v119.110.1002/2013JA019137

Progress toward forecasting of space weather effects on UHF SATCOM after Operation Anaconda

Space weather impacts on communications are often presented as a\ raison d\textquoterightetre\ for studying space weather (e.g., Solar and Space Physics: A Science for a Technological Society, 2013). Here we consider a communications outage during Operation Anaconda in Afghanistan that may have been related to ionospheric disturbances. Early military operations occurred during the peak of solar cycle 23 when ionospheric variability was enhanced. During Operation Anaconda, the Battle of Takur Ghar occurred at the summit of a 3191 m Afghan mountaintop on 4 March 2002 when the ionosphere was disturbed and could have affected UHF Satellite Communications (SATCOM). In this paper, we consider UHF SATCOM outages that occurred during repeated attempts to notify a Quick Reaction Force (QRF) on board an MH-47H Chinook to avoid a \textquotedbllefthot\textquotedblright landing zone at the top of Takur Ghar. During a subsequent analysis of Operation Anaconda, these outages were attributed to poor performance of the UHF radios on the helicopters and to blockage by terrain. However, it is also possible that ionospheric anomalies together with multipath effects could have combined to decrease the signal-to-noise ratio of the communication links used by the QRF. A forensics study of Takur Ghar with data from the Global Ultraviolet Imager on the NASA Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics mission showed the presence of ionospheric bubbles (regions of depleted electron density) along the line of sight between the Chinook and the UHF communications satellites in geostationary orbit that could have impacted communications. The events of 4 March 2002 motivated us to develop the Mesoscale Ionospheric Simulation Testbed model, which can be used to improve warnings of potential UHF outages during future military operations.

Kelly, Michael; Comberiate, Joseph; Miller, Ethan; Paxton, Larry;

Published by: Space Weather      Published on: 10/2014

YEAR: 2014     DOI: 10.1002/2014SW001081

Ionosphere; scintillation; UHF SATCOM

Reply to comment on \textquotedblleftEmpirical relationship between electron precipitation and far-ultraviolet auroral emissions from DMSP observations\textquotedblright

Sotirelis, Thomas; Korth, Haje; Hsieh, Syau-Yun; Zhang, Yongliang; Morrison, Daniel; Paxton, Larry;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics      Published on: Jan-10-2013

YEAR: 2013     DOI: 10.1002/jgra.v118.1010.1002/jgra.50507

Nightside midlatitude ionospheric arcs: TIMED/GUVI observations

Zhang, Yongliang; Paxton, Larry; Kil, Hyosub;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics      Published on: Jan-06-2013

YEAR: 2013     DOI: 10.1002/jgra.50327

Empirical relationship between electron precipitation and far-ultraviolet auroral emissions from DMSP observations

Sotirelis, Thomas; Korth, Haje; Hsieh, Syau-Yun; Zhang, Yongliang; Morrison, Daniel; Paxton, Larry;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics      Published on: Jan-03-2013

YEAR: 2013     DOI: 10.1002/jgra.50157

Determining relative proton and electron auroral LBH emission efficiencies from FUV-ionosonde comparisons-preliminary results

Knight, HK; Galkin, IA; Reinisch, BW; Paxton, L;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2013     DOI:

Evidence of auroral oval TEC enhancement and simultaneous plasma patch break-off events in the Arctic and Antarctic ionosphere during the initial phase of a geomagnetic storm event at equinox, 26 September 2011

Kinrade, Joe; Mitchell, Cathryn; Paxton, Larry; Bust, Gary;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2013     DOI:

The Mesoscale Ionospheric Simulation Testbed (MIST) Regional Data Assimilation Model

The Mesoscale Ionospheric Simulation Testbed (MIST) provides a regional nowcast and forecast of electron density values and has sufficient resolution to include equatorial plasma bubbles. The SSUSI instrument on the DMSP F18 satellite has high-resolution nightly observations of plasma bubbles at 8 PM local time throughout the current solar maximum. MIST can assimilate SSUSI UV observations, GPS TEC measurements, and SCINDA S4 readings simultaneously into a single scintillation map over a region of interest. MIST also models ionospheric physics to provide a short-term UHF scintillation forecast based on assimilated data. We will present examples of electron density and scintillation maps from MIST. We will also discuss the potential to predict scintillation occurrence up to 6 hours in advance using observations of the equatorial arcs from SSUSI observations at 5:30 PM local time on the DMSP F17 satellite.

Comberiate, J; Kelly, MA; Miller, E; Paxton, L;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2013     DOI:

Multi-Instrument Observations at High Latitudes

Miller, E; Paxton, L; Schaefer, RK; Weiss, M; Wolven, BC; Zhang, Y;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2013     DOI:

Observing the Edge of the Inner Radiation Belt: the South Atlantic Anomaly Seen with Photometers in Low Earth Orbit

Schaefer, RK; Wolven, BC; Paxton, L; Romeo, G; Selby, C; Hsieh, SW;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2013     DOI:

SSUSI: A Newly Available Resource for the Upper Atmosphere Community to Study the Global Response of the Coupled Ionosphere Thermosphere System

The Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) on TIMED was actually the 7th wide field of regard instrument built by APL. Five SSUSI instruments were built by APL and delivered, calibrated and ready for flight between 1994 and 1996. Another instrument, the Near Infrared Spectrograph was flown on the NASA NEAR mission using the SSUSI optical design. The first SSUSI flight was in 2003 on the DMSP F16 spacecraft. Two others have flown since then on DMSP F17 and F18. Two more await flight with the next slated for a Spring 2014 launch on DMSP F19. Recently, the SSUSI data have been made publicly releasable so they are, in principle, available to the research community. However, there are no funds to actually provide access to these products. We are working with various partners to provide a venue to access to the many products we routinely produce. SSUSI provides data products that both monitor the state of the auroral regions and yields a detailed picture of the ionosphere. SSUSI gives us the ability to observe the dynamics of these systems during storm and quiet periods throughout an entire solar cycle. The near polar orbit of the DMSP satellite provided excellent coverage of the auroral oval during solar minimum. During storm times, the high inclination orbit allows us to track the progress of the storm with 30 minute revisit time. In this presentation, we will also discuss the ability of SSUSI to image ionospheric dynamics and provide 3D images of the ionosphere. These data, when combined with assimilative data techniques provides a powerful new capability for examining the small and large scale structure of the ionosphere in a way that is not accessible to either GOLD or ICON.

Paxton, L.; Schaefer, R.~K.; Weiss, M.; Wolven, B.~C.; Zhang, Y.; Miller, E.; Bust, G.~S.; Romeo, G.;

Published by: AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts      Published on:

YEAR: 2013     DOI:

0355 ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE Thermosphere: composition and chemistry; 2407 IONOSPHERE Auroral ionosphere; 2415 IONOSPHERE Equatorial ionosphere; 7954 SPACE WEATHER Magnetic storms

SSUSI Aurora Forecast Model

Hsieh, S.~W.; Zhang, Y.; Schaefer, R.~K.; Romeo, G.; Paxton, L.;

Published by: AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts      Published on:

YEAR: 2013     DOI:

2431 IONOSPHERE Ionosphere/magnetosphere interactions; 2447 IONOSPHERE Modeling and forecasting; 2704 MAGNETOSPHERIC PHYSICS Auroral phenomena; 2722 MAGNETOSPHERIC PHYSICS Forecasting

UV Remote Sensing Data Products-Turning Data Into Knowledge

Weiss, M; Paxton, L; Schaefer, RK; Comberiate, J; Hsieh, SW; Romeo, G; Wolven, BC; Zhang, Y;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2013     DOI:

Empirical Relationship Between LBH Auroral Emissions and Particle Precipitation

Hsieh, SW; Sotirelis, T; Korth, H; Zhang, Y; Paxton, LJ;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2011     DOI:

Estimating Dayside Regions of Dayglow-Free 135.6 nm UV Radiances for Data Assimilation

Aiello, J; Toigo, AD; Demajistre, R; Schaefer, RK; Paxton, LJ;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2011     DOI:

Mutual Neutralization of Atomic Oxygen Ions Over the Course of the Solar Cycle and Its Effects on Ionospheric Remote Sensing

Comberiate, J; Demajistre, R; Schaefer, RK; Zhang, Y; Paxton, LJ;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2011     DOI:

Near real-time assimilation in IRI of auroral peak E-region density and equatorward boundary

Zhang, Yongliang; Paxton, Larry; Bilitza, Dieter; Doe, Rick;

Published by: Advances in Space Research      Published on: Jan-10-2010

YEAR: 2010     DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2010.06.029

Coordinated UV imaging of equatorial plasma bubbles using TIMED/GUVI and DMSP/SSUSI

Comberiate, Joseph; Paxton, Larry;

Published by: Space Weather      Published on: Jan-01-2010

YEAR: 2010     DOI: 10.1029/2009SW000546

Equatorial Plasma Bubble Climatology and Scintillation Forecasting from DMSP/SSUSI

Comberiate, J.; Paxton, L.~J.;

Published by: AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts      Published on:

YEAR: 2010     DOI:

[2415] IONOSPHERE / Equatorial ionosphere; [2494] IONOSPHERE / Instruments and techniques; [6969] RADIO SCIENCE / Remote sensing; [7924] SPACE WEATHER / Forecasting

Does the polar cap disappear under an extended strong northward IMF?

Zhang, Yongliang; Paxton, Larry; Newell, Patrick; Meng, Ching-I.;

Published by: Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics      Published on: Jan-12-2009

YEAR: 2009     DOI: 10.1016/j.jastp.2009.09.005

Coordinated Ground-and Space-based 3-D Electron Density Reconstruction and Plasma Bubble Imaging

Comberiate, J; Miller, ES; Paxton, LJ; Makela, JJ; Kelley, MC;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2009     DOI:

Global Ultra-Violet Ionosphere-Thermosphere Observatory (GUVITO)

Curtis, N; Crowley, G; Christensen, AB; Paxton, LJ; Robichaud, J; Barry, MA; Bust, GS;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2009     DOI:

Space-and Ground-Based Observations of Solar Cycle and Local Time Dependence of Equatorial Plasma Bubble Activity

Miller, ES; Comberiate, J; Makela, JJ; Paxton, LJ; Kelley, MC; Groves, KM; Tsunoda, RT;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2009     DOI:

Visualization and Analysis of Spectrograph-mode Data Products from Far Ultraviolet Scanning Imaging Sensors

Wolven, BC; Schaefer, RK; Hsieh, SW; Paxton, LJ;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2009     DOI:

An empirical Kp-dependent global auroral model based on TIMED/GUVI FUV data

Zhang, Y.; Paxton, L.J.;

Published by: Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics      Published on: Jan-06-2008

YEAR: 2008     DOI: 10.1016/j.jastp.2008.03.008

Evidence for significantly greater N ₂ Lyman-Birge-Hopfield emission efficiencies in proton versus electron aurora based on analysis of coincident DMSP SSUSI and SSJ/5 data

Knight, H.; Strickland, D.; Hecht, J.; Straus, P.; Morrison, D.; Paxton, L.; Evans, D.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: Jan-01-2008

YEAR: 2008     DOI: 10.1029/2007JA012728

Interplanetary shock induced ring current auroras

Zhang, Yongliang; Paxton, Larry; Zheng, Yihua;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: Jan-01-2008

YEAR: 2008     DOI: 10.1029/2007JA012554

Analyses of solar activity effects on the low-latitude ionosphere

Wolven, BC; Talaat, ER; Yee, J; Demajistre, R; Paxton, LJ; Christensen, A; Sotirelis, T; Smith, DC; Bilitza, D; Azeem, I;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2006     DOI:

TIMED/GUVI and DMSP/SSUSI - Data Products for Space Weather

Hsieh, S.; Paxton, L.; Zhang, Y.; Demajistre, R.; Wolven, B.; Morrison, D.; Schaefer, R.;

Published by: AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts      Published on:

YEAR: 2006     DOI:

7900 SPACE WEATHER; 7924 Forecasting (2722); 7934 Impacts on technological systems; 7944 Ionospheric effects on radio waves; 7984 Space radiation environment

AURORA: The Next Generation Space Weather Sensor for NPOESS

Paxton, L; Morrison, D; Santo, A; Ogorzalek, B; Goldsten, J; Boldt, J; Kil, H; Zhang, Y; Demajistre, R; Wolven, B;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2005     DOI:

Calibration/Validation of the SSUSI Instrument on DMSP F16: Overview \amp Nightside Analysis

Straus, P.~R.; Paxton, L.~J.; Demajistre, R.; Morrison, D.;

Published by: AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts      Published on:

YEAR: 2005     DOI:

2415 Equatorial ionosphere

Near Simultaneous Observations of the Aurora From FUV, Particle and Photometric Instruments on DMSP-F16, TIMED, and IMAGE

Hecht, JH; Strickland, DJ; Knight, HK; Kochenash, AJ; Zhang, Y; Morrison, MD; Paxton, LJ; Mende, SB; Frey, HU; Burke, WJ;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2005     DOI:

SSUSI and GUVI limb scans of thermospheric neutral density changes during a geomagnetic storm

Stephan, AW; Picone, JM; Meier, RR; Emmert, JT; Paxton, LJ; Morrison, D; Wolven, B; Kil, H;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2005     DOI:

Testing Auroral Far Ultraviolet (FUV) Remote Sensing Techniques Using Coincident FUV and Particle Data From the DMSP F16 Satellite

Knight, HK; Strickland, DJ; Kochenash, AJ; Hecht, JH; Morrison, D; Zhang, Y; Paxton, LJ; Burke, WJ; Rich, FJ;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2005     DOI:

The use of far ultraviolet remote sensing to monitor space weather

Paxton, Larry; Morrison, Daniel; Strickland, Douglas; McHarg, M.Geoff; Zhang, Yongliang; Wolven, Brian; Kill, Hyosub; Crowley, Geoff; Christensen, Andrew; Meng, Ching-I;

Published by: Advances in Space Research      Published on: Jan-01-2003

YEAR: 2003     DOI: 10.1016/S0273-1177(02)00886-4

Initial observations with the Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) in the NASA TIMED satellite mission

Christensen, AB; Paxton, LJ; Avery, S; Craven, J; Crowley, G; Humm, DC; Kil, H; Meier, RR; Meng, C-I; Morrison, D;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics (1978\textendash2012)      Published on:

YEAR: 2003     DOI: 10.1029/2003JA009918

On-orbit calibration of the Special Sensor Ultraviolet Scanning Imager (SSUSI): a far-UV imaging spectrograph on DMSP F-16

Morrison, Daniel; Paxton, Larry; Humm, David; Wolven, Brian; Kil, Hyosub; Zhang, Yongliang; Ogorzalek, Bernard; Meng, Ching-I.;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2002     DOI: 10.1117/12.454267

Validation of remote sensing products produced by the Special Sensor Ultraviolet Scanning Imager (SSUSI): a far UV-imaging spectrograph on DMSP F-16

Paxton, Larry; Morrison, Daniel; Zhang, Yongliang; Kil, Hyosub; Wolven, Brian; Ogorzalek, Bernard; Humm, David; Meng, Ching-I.;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2002     DOI: 10.1117/12.454268

Applications of Global Ultraviolet Imaging Data to the Prediction of Satellite Drag in Low-Earth Orbit

Wolven, BC; Paxton, LJ; Morrison, D; Zhu, X; Talaat, E; Zhang, Y; Kil, H; Meng, C; Yee, J;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2001     DOI:

Observing the Polar Upper Atmosphere from Low Earth Orbit: Challenges, Opportunities, and New Missions

Paxton, LJ;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 2001     DOI:

Global ultraviolet imager (GUVI): measuring composition and energy inputs for the NASA Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) mission

Paxton, Larry; Christensen, Andrew; Humm, David; Ogorzalek, Bernard; Pardoe, C.; Morrison, Daniel; Weiss, Michele; Crain, W.; Lew, Patricia; Mabry, Dan; Goldsten, John; Gary, Stephen; Persons, David; Harold, Mark; Alvarez, Brian; Ercol, Carl; Strickland, Douglas; Meng, Ching-I.;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 1999     DOI: 10.1117/12.366380

Performance of the wedge-and-strip microchannel plate detectors and electronics for the Global Ultraviolet Imager

Goldsten, John; Humm, David; Paxton, Larry; Ogorzalek, Bernard; Gary, Stephen; Hayes, John; Boldt, John;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 1999     DOI: 10.1117/12.366521

Interactive interpretation and display of far ultraviolet data

Paxton, L.J; Spisz, T; Crowley, G; Gary, R; Hopkins, M.M; Morrison, D; Wiess, M; Fountain, G.H; Suther, L; Meng, C.-I; Strickland, D.J;

Published by: Advances in Space Research      Published on: Jan-01-1998

YEAR: 1998     DOI: 10.1016/S0273-1177(99)00116-7

Design and performance of the Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI)

Humm, DC; Paxton, LJ; Christensen, AB; Ogorzalek, BS; Pardoe, CT; Meng, CI; Morrison, D; Evans, JS; Weiss, MB; Crain, W;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 1998     DOI: 10.1117/12.330325

Design and performance of the Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI)

Humm, David; Paxton, Larry; Christensen, Andrew; Ogorzalek, Bernard; Pardoe, CT; Meng, Ching-I; Morrison, Daniel; Strickland, Douglas; Evans, JS; Weiss, Michele;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 1998     DOI:

MSX-A multiuse space experiment

Paxton, Larry; Meng, Ching-I; Anderson, Donald; Romick, Gerald;

Published by: Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest      Published on:

YEAR: 1996     DOI:

Satellite remote sensing of thermospheric O/N ₂ and solar EUV: 1. Theory

Strickland, D.; Evans, J.; Paxton, L.;

Published by: Journal of Geophysical Research      Published on: Jan-01-1995

YEAR: 1995     DOI: 10.1029/95JA00574

Continued development of radiance models and imaging software for the reduction, analysis, and visualization of space-based UV imaging data

Cox, Robin; Strickland, Douglas; Evans, J.; Wright, K.; Paxton, Larry;

Published by:       Published on:

YEAR: 1994     DOI: 10.1117/12.186619